For this next study of European cultures and social is everything about Italy. So many learning aspects is used to explain this Pisa tower’s country totally till we know all the thing about it. In this essay, we are going to focuse on several aspects in it’s learning, they are all overview about Italy, especially it’s history, political system, social, economical stuff, and many more. But, they are in shorter explanation of course. Talking about the overview, firstly we’re talking about geographic stuff. Italian Republic is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediteranean Sea, Sicily, and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within the Italian Peninsula, and Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. Italy today has been the cradle of many European cultures and peoples, such as the Etruscans and the Romans. Italian consist of several ethnic groups, they are Italian (94,2%), Romanian (2,07%), and the others, Albanian and Ukrainian. And also its official language is Italian. In addition, at the end of 2008, the Italian population surpassed 60 million. Italy currently has the fourth-largest population in the European Union and the 23rd-largest population worldwide. Italy's capital city, Rome, was for centuries the center of Western civilization, the centre of the Renaissance, and also played a major role in the development of modern science and astronomy, particularly heliocentrism, as well as the University, and opera. Italy is a democratic republic and a developed country with the eighth-highest quality of life index rating in the world.1 Its total area is 301,230 km², of which 294,020 km² is land and 7,210 km² is water. The climate in Italy is highly diverse and can be far from the stereotypical Mediterranean climate depending on the location. The coastal areas of the peninsula can be very different from the interior higher altitudes and valleys.
About its histories, so many era which is the Italian government taken place. Prehistory of Italy Italy reveal a modern human presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago.2 Ancient Rome was at first a small agricultural community founded circa the 8th century BC that grew over the course of the centuries into a colossal empire encompassing the whole Mediterranean Sea, in which Ancient Greek and Roman cultures merged into one civilization. This civilization was so influential that parts of it survive in modern law, administration, philosophy and arts, forming the ground that Western civilization is based upon. In its twelve-century existence, it transformed itself from monarchy to republic and finally to autocracy. In the middle ages, Italy became notable for its merchant Republics. These city-states, oligarchical in reality, had a dominant merchant class which under relative freedom nurtured academic and artistic advancement. The four classic Maritime Republics in Italy were Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi. And during the late Middle Ages Italy was divided into smaller city-states and territories. Next, The creation of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of efforts by Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula. Northern Italy became industrialized and modernized, Southern Italy and agricultural regions of the north remained under-developed and stagnant, forcing millions of people to migrate to the emerging Industrial Triangle or abroad.
The politics of Italy taken place in a framework of a parliamentary, democratic republic, and of a multi-party system. Italy has been a democratic republic since 2 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by popular referendum. The constitution was promulgated on 1 January 1948. The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica) is elected for seven years by the parliament sitting jointly with a small number of regional delegates. Meanwhile, Italy elects a parliament consisting of two houses, the Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati), which has 630 members and the Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica), comprising 315 elected members and a small number of senators for life). The Italian judicial system is based on Roman law modified by the Napoleonic code and later statutes. The Supreme Court of Cassation is the court of last resort for most disputes. The Constitutional Court of Italy (Corte Costituzionale) rules on the conformity of laws with the Constitution and is a post-World War II innovation. And another aspect is economy, according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2008 Italy was the seventh-largest economy in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe. The country is divided into a developed industrial north dominated by large private companies and an agricultural, state-assisted south.
For its foreign relations, Italy was a founding member of the European Community, now we know as the European Union (EU). Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955 and is a member and strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the Council of Europe. Its recent turns in the rotating Presidency of international organisations include the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), the forerunner of the OSCE, in 1994; G8; and the EU in 2001 and from July to December 2003.
Sources.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation
The Economist (2005). The Economist Intelligence Unit’s quality-of-life index
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2001, ch. 2. ISBN 0306464632
Italy - Reform and Enlightenment in the 18th century. Encyclopædia Britannica
Mallory, J.P. and Adams, D.Q., Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997), p. 24
1 The Economist (2005). The Economist Intelligence Unit’s quality-of-life index
2 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2001, ch. 2. ISBN 0306464632
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