Basically, migration means the movement of people from one country to another with the intention of residing there permanently. This action was a worldwide phenomenon from the 17th century to the 19th century. Initially, migration was affected by political reasons, especially after the collapse of communism. But now is caused by economics ones, such as wages, administratives, etc. Mobility in the European Union is low and declining though free movement of workforce within EU is supranationalised and has been since 1968. For the people who did this act, it assumpted that migration was always correlating with hope. It happend because the rising of industrialization at that time or we can understand it as the first revolution era in Europe. Only around 5% of those resident in EU are not nationals of the country in which they lived, with approximately two-thirds of that figure were coming from outside the EU. Most of immigrants on European countries were come from North Africa and East Europe. At that time, when the revolution era gave many increasing stuff in people living aspects and the industrialization had had the same impact, some important sectors in Europe are healthy care and construction were be the focuse of immigrants in their occupation to heal their livelihood in the brand new places. Most of the immigrants that worked in Europe was in construction sector, because in that sector low skilled worker was still needed by a certain company, especially in Western Europe. Construction sector in Western Europe had many stocks of labour, it made population growth in that place grew faster. Moreover, the image of low paid and phisically demanding work has deterred high levels of domestic labour market entrants, so this condition led to pressure for greater recruitment of immigrant workers. In the real fact, many othet nations move to West Europe for get better education, big salary, and of course for their better life. Beside that, the other reason why immigrant moved to Europe especially Western Europe were many goods capacity and modernization. For the example is in United Kingdom. Its healthy care sector required a lot of workers and its continually for some next period.
Generally, migration concept in EU could be devided in some reasons, they are first, in the post World War II (1945-1973), in line with the economic booming in Europe because of the rapidly rising of industrialization, labor migration policies in Post-War Europe happend, especially in Germany, France, and UK. In post-Cold War, the politic reason was more dominated in Europe migration. Second, Iraq and Kurdi had been staying in Sweden since 1970’s and 1980’s. Overall, approximately it counts 80.000-100.000 Iraq people lives here. The reason why they moved in Sweden because of the asylum and refugee policy. Third, the Africans moved to Spain and France because of the condition of poverty. And fourth, on the contrary, the immigrants from Europe moved to US and Canada because of the conviction of Find New World.
Next, talking about the time dynamics of migration in Europe, we can devide into three periods. First, in the 1880’s till the beginning of 1990’s. Europe had been noted as the biggest exporter of international immigrants in the world. Between 1846 till 1939, it was noted about 51 million people had left Europe to look for the New World. Their destination are US (38 million people), Canada (7 million people), Argentina (7 million people), Brazil (4,6 million people), Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa (about 2,5 million people). In this era, there was a famous harbour city, called Bremerhaven. This city was established in 1827 by the Bremen’s major, Johann Smidt, as the one of harbour city and the entrance of immigrants. It was noted that more than 7,2 million people moved through Bremerhaven in 1830-1974. About 3,7 million immigrants from Germany, 3.4 million from Eastern and South-East Europe and the rest were from Scandinavia.
In 1990’s, as I’ve said before, in the post-World War II, in line with the economic booming in Europe because of the rapidly rising of industrialization, labor migration policies in Post-War Europe happend, especially in Germany, France, and UK. At that time, held the workers recruitments in some European colony countries. Such as France took the workers from South Africa, India took them from India subcontinent and Caribean. Especially for Germany, because they does not have colony, they recruited the workers in short-term period from Yugoslavia, Turkey, etc. In this years, also introduced about the close-door policy. It was the result of the condition in 1960’s which known as the highest immigrants growth. It pushed UK to stop the people who come to its commonwealth states. And then, this step was followed by other European countries after the resetion of the collapse of oil price inj 1973.
Meanwhile, in 2000’s, the immigrants who came to European are always changing by years. Europe is the one of destination place by immigrants around the world. In 2000’s, the migration was rising significantly in 2003. It happend because the necessities of employee or workers can be fulfilled by the immigrants. From this fact, we can conclude that migration is the main source of European growing.
After the explanation above, we can take the implications of those facts. First, in European migration models, there are two models, such as Door Close (Europe in 1960’s) and Open Door (Europe in Contemporary). Second, it brought the social problems, such as a little riot in Berlin and France, murdered by African in Scandinavian (it focuse on racial problems), trafficking and human smuggling in Czech because of the prostitution tourism, etc. Besides those fact, another the most problem of migration in Europe is about the existence of immigrants as the black workers. In this case, the challenge of European countries is to prevent this activity by fine the company which gives them a job. The employer must check the work license up of every immigrant because as we know about 3-8 million black immigrants come to EU. So the its very a huge problems of the existence of them in Europe.
And the lesson can be learned from this condition is that immigrants give the huge contribution in invigorating economic sector in European countries. In the post World War II, Europe needed the young workers the most to reconstruction the destruction as the result of war. The wave of immigrants from the poor countries of the fraction of Soviet, were floading the European countries with the hope to enjoy the next better life there. The escalation of the number of immigrants were also used by the mafia group to operated the smuggling of black immigrants into Europe. Till now, the smuggling of human or we know as human trafficking are still as the criminalization which is organized systematicly and difficult to exterminate. And for the immigrants side, they just hope to get a better life in their destination country. Though, sometimes their destination country was not well as they imagine because of the existence of discrimination problem which is the crusial problem for them. For the addition, there is the interesting thing to be noted about the case of migration in Europe which was caused by the different factors in every period relatively. It is about the loose of policy in this continent and internal factor in several countries in Europe which lack of educated expertises.
References.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6228236.stm (accessed on December 6, 2009)
http://www.euromedinfo.eu/uploads/File/Brochures%20-%20Publications/Impact%20of%20migration%20on%20societies%20-%20Mar%2006%20-%20EMN.pdf
(accessed on December 6, 2009)
http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/publications/papers/2006-11-29-Duvell-Stockholm.pdf (accessed on December 6, 2009)
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6377/is_/ai_n29303671 (accessed on December 6, 2009)
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Geddes, Andrew and Alex Balch, The Political Economy of Migration in an Integrating Europe: Patterns, Trends, Lacunae, and their Implications, University of Liverpool, 2002
Salt, John, Current Trends in International Migration in Europe, Council of Europe, Nov 2001 (accessed in www.economist.com)
The Political Economy of Migration in an Integrating Europe
Lobbying for Migrant Inclusion in the European Union
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